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The Stroop effect is one of the most widely known psychological phenomena. It describes the difficulty to name the font color of a word, if that word itself names a different color. In experienced readers, reading happens automatically and effortlessly. Therefore, it takes mental effort to suppress the meaning we gather from the word to instead focus on its color. (If you never experienced it yourself you should try our demo experiment here!)
The mental effort we experience when trying to ignore the meaning of the word is what psychologists call ‘inhibition’. We can say that we need to ‘inhibit’ the automatic response of reading the word so we can give the more unusual response of naming the font color. Our brain’s ability to inhibit automatic responses is crucial to taking deliberate actions. It allows for our behavior to not just be governed by our habits and reflexes. Mental disorders, such as Schizophrenia, depression, or addictions can be both the cause and effect of a loss of inhibitory ability. This makes the study of cognitive inhibition an important focus of research. The Stroop task, among other tools, remains a reliable and widely used instrument to measure it.
Our Testable experiment template includes both a keyboard as well as a voice version of the basic Stroop colour-word task. Read below to learn how to use it in your own research and easily create variations of the task.
In this simplified Stroop Colour-Word task, participants either see congruent color-words, meaning that are either displayed in the same color they name (e.g. the word ‘Red’ displayed in a red font), or incongruent words that have a different color (e.g. the word ‘Red’ displayed in a green font). On each trial, a random word is selected from either the congruent or incongruent group. Participants must then ignore the meaning of the word and just focus on and name the font color.
There are various ways in which participants can respond, and the demo task shows two:
Participants will experience that it is quite difficult to ignore the meaning of the word in incongruent trials. They will likely take longer to respond and make more errors, i.e. by mistakenly reading the word out loud. This difficulty of handling incongruent trials is the Stroop effect.
Run this experiment in Testable from our ready-made template
We have created a template for the Stroop Color-Word task in Testable that you can access from our Library. It is set up and ready to go and you can start collecting data straight away by sending the experiment link to your participants after importing it to your projects. Experiments in Testable will run in every browser, which makes it very easy to collect data both in the lab as well as online.
Experiments in Testable are fully customisable and you will not need to write a single line of code to edit them. The heart of each experiment is what we call the trial file. The trial file contains all information that Testable needs to run the experiment in a simple spreadsheet, that you can edit with any spreadsheet editor you like, such as Google Sheets, Excel or Testable’s in-built preview editor.
To change any part of your experiment, you only need to change the values in the trial file.
Once you have made your changes, you can save and upload the modified trial file to your experiment’s trial file section.
Here are a few examples of changes you might want to make to the Stroop task:
Create an emotional Stroop-variant
There are countless variations of the Stroop task, which all rely on the basic interference effect. One example is the emotional Stroop task, where participants need to name the color of emotion words (e.g. anger, grief, happiness). The strength of the interference effect can be evidence of the strength and automaticity of emotive processing, which can differ for individuals with affective disorders, such as depression or anxiety.
To change the stimuli in Testable, all you need to do is to change the values in the stim1 column of the spreadsheet. For word stimuli, there is also a dedicated column called textColor that allows you to easily control the presentation color for each word that is presented.
Finally, you can use the condition1 column to mark trials according to the experimental condition they belong to (i.e. congruent/incongruent or emotional/neutral). This column won’t affect the logic of the experiment but will help you to analyse your results later on.
After importing this template to your library, you can collect data for your experiment by sharing the unique experiment link (i.e. tstbl.co/xxx-xxx) with your participants. Once participants complete the experiment, their results will appear in the ‘Results’ section of your experiment.
The simplified Stroop paradigm automatically measures the response time needed to name the word color on each trial. The keyboard response version also automatically stores the accuracy on each trial (correct vs. incorrect responses). You will need to decode the accuracy for the voice-response version manually by listening to the recorded words and comparing them with the trial file.
By grouping the response times (in the RT column of the result file) and the accuracies (in the correct column, where 1 is correct and 0 is incorrect) by consistent and inconsistent stimuli using the condition1 column, you can compute the mean response time and mean accuracy for each condition.
You should see that participants take significantly longer to respond in inconsistent trials (e.g. naming green font that spells the word “Red”) than consistent trials (e.g. naming the green font that spells the word “Green”). For the keyboard response version of the task, you can compute the equivalent accuracies for consistent and inconsistent trials. Usually, participants tend to make significantly more errors in inconsistent trials, although trade-offs between speed and accuracy can occur which dampen the error rate.
You could also confirm that the errors that participants made were indeed caused by interference caused by automatic reading. To do that you can compare errors where the color that participants named didn’t match the color of the font, but did match the color named by the word. You should find that most errors are interference errors, rather than random errors.
Once you have collected data from multiple participants, you can also use Testable’s ‘wide format’ feature, that allows you to automatically collate all individual result files into a single file. In wide format results every participant’s data is represented as one row in the data file. This makes it easily compatible with statistical analysis packages like R or SPSS where you can assess the statistical significance of any differences you may find.
Reference list:
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.
Golden, C. J., & Freshwater, S. M. (1978). Stroop color and word test.
Jensen, A. R., & Rohwer Jr, W. D. (1966). The Stroop color-word test: a review. Acta psychologica, 25, 36-93.
